Try this:
// I chose 20 arbitrarily as a maximum buffer size, you can have a lower character limit if you want
char temp_text[20];
// Using %02i instead of %i because you probably want 2 characters padded with 0 on the left
snprintf(temp_text, sizeof(temp_text), "Time: %02i:%02i:%02i", hours, minutes, seconds);
// Now call with one argument like it wants
time_text = gtk_label_new(temp_text);