I'm looking for a good pair of headphones that:
 - Have overall better sound quality than iPod earphones
 - Are fairly good for most types of music, including classical, dubstep, hip-hop/rap, and rock
- Can block out the typical noise level of a television
- Cost less than ~$40

I plan to be using these with my phone and my laptop, if that makes any difference.  I did a little bit of research and this model seems pretty good.

What do you all think?

It depends. Make sure they got enough bass, but if you plan to develop music, avoid headphones with bass boost. On the other hand, avoid tiny ones unless you need them small, because their sound is usually much weaker, they always fall off your ears and bass is almost absent.